We have asked this question previously of Marriott (for all resorts) and I have asked the specific question of Marriott management at GO and of a GO board member.
The response is that there is insurance, but it comes with a high deductible. Although there is no definitive answer, there is a definite possibility of a special assessment, if a major hurricane came through Hilton Head and significantly damaged GO.
Hilton Head has had only one or two hurricanes hit directly on the island within the past 50 years - none in the past 15 years or so. There have been a couple of glancing blows, but none that caused any major damage to any of the big resorts. Something about the geography of the area seems to send hurricanes north or south.
It's not something that bothers me. If it happens, it happens. There are no guarantees.