Watched an interesting one hour expose on a canoe trip in Canada from Jasper National Park north to the eventual mouth of the river.
The trip took the team by the refineries converting oil shale into oil.
To refine one barrel of oil takes 3 barrels of water that are contaminated and stored outdoors in lakes contained by earthen dams.
The show was a real eye opener.
Sterling
If comments like this are allowed, then I'd like to take an opportunity to respond, at least to the factual inaccuracies.
The Athabasca river doesn't pass refineries, but it does go by oilsands mines. The mines do use water (~2.5 bbl H2O/bbl of oil). The very small sand particles are stored in tailings ponds until the solids settle out. These ponds are being regulated out of existence.
Most oil sands oil comes from in-situ production (ie, wells drilled into the ground). They use ~0.5 bbl of water per bbl of oil produced, and no ponds are created. This is very similar to the steam flood processes used to produce heavy oil in California, and usually has lower carbon emissions than that process.
Also, the regulator in Alberta requires water be recycled, currently 85-90% of the water used is recycled, and almost all of the new water sourced is from deep saline non-potable aquifers. There are a few legacy permits to remove water from the river, mainly held by the oldest mines.
The government of Alberta has this to say:
http://oilsands.alberta.ca/water.html