It can be a whole lot colder than that! Yes, our fragile, thin layer of air protects Earth from the deep freeze of space. Once upon a time, Mars had a protective atmosphere and running liquid water. Then the atmosphere thinned, the liquid froze and evaporated away and left a cold, barren rock of mostly iron. Conversely, Venus's thick clouds insulate and hold in absorbed solar heat from the cold of space leaving surface temps of many hundreds of degrees.